Frozen Evolution. Or, that’s not the way it is, Mr. Darwin. A Farewell to Selfish Gene.

Some hypotheses assume that preference for a certain type of sexual trait does not arise accidentally (as assumed by the models described above), but because it is objectively more advantageous for the female to reproduce preferentially with males that exhibit the presence of just these traits. These hypotheses can be roughly divided to two groups. The first group contains hypotheses assuming that the choice of a male with a well-developed relevant sexual trait brings the female a direct benefit (Williams 1966). More vital males can devote more energy to care for progeny, do not infest the offspring or the female with parasites and can probably transfer their vitality to the offspring through nongenetic means, for example through material resources. For example, the indicator of the state of health would tend to be included in this group (XV.5.5.4).  The second group consists in good gene hypotheses (Fisher 1958). They are based on the concept that the presence of certain traits can indicate the quality of the male genes and thus the quality of the future offspring. The hypothesis of the indicators of resistance to parasites can be given as an example of a good genes hypothesis (XV.5.5.8). However, in some cases, it is very difficult to draw a sharp line between the two types of hypotheses and to decide to which of the two types a certain hypothesis belongs, for example the hypothesis of the indicators of social success (XV.5.5.7), the winter habitat hypothesis (XV.5.5.6) andthe hypothesis of the indicators of the quality of ontogenesis (XV.5.5.3).s